土方工程
. p! f* Q9 G. b由于土方挖远的施工方法与费用，比起土木工程中任何其它工种的施工方法与费用都变化的快，因此对于有事业心的人来说，土方工程是一个大有作为的领域。在1935年，目前采用的用轮胎式机械设备进行土方挖运的方法大多还未出现。大部分土方是采用窄轨铁路运输，这在目前来说是很少采用的，主要的开挖方法是使用正铲、反铲、垃铲或抓斗等挖土机，尽管这些机械现在仍在广泛的使用，但只不过是目前许多方法中的一小部分。那时，挖土机的主要动力是自烧煤锅炉的蒸汽，而目前连盛产煤矿的英国也不用这种动力了，除有电力施工的工地外，目前各地都用内燃机。因此，一个工程师为使自己在土方搬运设备方面的知识跟的上时代的需要，他应当花时间去研究现代的机械，并且要重心认真考率任何已使用了数年的陈旧方法。一般说来，有关挖土机、装载机和运输机械的唯一可靠而又最新的资料可从制造厂商处取得。7 A, Z- O. x [1 M! _6 i! g
Earthwork
. n3 ?) b# `( p- u# V; i Because earthmoving methods and costs change more quickly than those in any other branch of civil engineering ,this is a field where there are real opportunities for the enthusiast. In 1995 most of the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-typed equipment did not exist .Most earth was moved by marrow rail track, now relative rare ,and the main methods of excavation, with face shove backward, or dragline or grab, though they are still widely used, are only a few of the many current methods. At that time, the main power for excavation was steam from the coal-fired boiler ,now out of use even in Britain where coal is plentiful. Internal-combustion engines are now used everywhere except on sites where electricity is available. To keep his kNowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must seriously reconsider any methods more than a few years old, generally the only reliable up-to-date information on excavators, loaders and transport is obtainable from the makers./ _# W1 ?2 M) }1 j
6 g* E9 H. q' J, }9 ~8 R
下载完整外文译文，纯word格式 |
