GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT IN ICELAND AND CHINA
Ingvar B.Fridleifsson
United Nations University Geothermal Training Programme
Orkustofnun, Grensasvegur 9,IS-108 Reykjavik,Iceland
(ibf@os.is)
Abstract The paper gives a brief overview on the energy situation in the world and the role that renewable energy sources are expected to play in the new century. The position of geothermal energy amongst the renewable energy resources is described. Iceland and China are both in the top league of countries with direct use of geoghermal energy. Iceland obcoal (3%).About 71% of the primary energy of Iceland are thus produced by renewable energy sources. The average figure for ghe countries of the European Union is 5%. The growth rate of direct use of geotherm in China has been 12% per year during the last decade. Geothermal district heating systems serve 10 million m2 of houses in China and 27 millon m2 in Iceland.The largest single district heating system in Iceland serves 17 million m2 (Reykjavik) and in China 1 million m2 (in Tianjin). The total eistrict heating in Tianjin serves 8 million m2. The heating market in the cities of Norghern China is emoumous and the geothermal resources widespread. Much care is needed,however, to secure sustainable use of the recharge. In such cases,reinjection into the reservoir is necessary. In the planning of geoghermal heating of the Olympic Village and other parts of Beijing,it is important to take notice of the experience of Tianjin,Tanggu, and several other geothermal fields in sedimentary formations worldwide. Sustainable exploitation of the fields can best be secured with reinjection and adepuate reservoir management and monitoring. A total of 51 scientists and engineers from 12 provinces,cities,and autonomous regions in China have completed wix months specislized geothermal training in Iceland during 1980~2002. Most of them have received specialized training in reservoir engineering (18), chemistry of thermal fluids (11),and geothermal utilization (10).This reflects in which fields Icelandic expertice has been regarded particularly valuable to ghe geoghermal development of China.
Keywords geothermal energy, renewable energy ,sustainable utilization,geothermal management,monitoring, reinjection,training,China,Iceland
冰岛和中国的地热开发
卡乙弗雷德雷弗森
联合国大学地热培训方案
奥克斯特弗, 格润塞斯9 , 国际标准-108瑞克加维克 ,冰岛( ibf@os.is )
摘要 本文概述了世界的能源状况以及可再生能源在新世纪预计发挥的作用。描述了热能在全球可再生能源中所占的地位。在直接使用地热能源方面，冰岛和中国都处在领先国家行列。冰岛在总的主要的能源使用中，地热占55%，核能16%，石油26%，煤3%。冰岛约71%的初级能源是由可再生能源产生的。欧盟国家的平均数字为5% 。在过去十年里，在中国直接利用地热的增长率已经为每年12%。地热供热系统在中国服务了1000万平方米的住房，在冰岛为2700万平方米。最大单供热系统在冰岛为17万平方米(雷克雅未克) ,在中国为100万平方米(天津) 。总供暖在天津为800万平方米。在中国北方的城市，供热市场是巨大的，地热资源广泛。不过,为确保可持续使用地热资源，还需要更多的关注。在中国，大多数的地热研究者都有主要的信息，很多只有非常有限的研究。在这种情况下,把精力投入研究工作是必要的。在规划奥运村及北京其他地方的地热时,注意采用天津,塘沽,和其他几个世界范围内的地热田盆地的经验是非常重要的。只要精确的研究组织和管理，并投入足够的精力，就能很好地获得可持续开发领域。在1980-2002年间，来自12个省、市和自治区的共51名科学家和工程师已经在冰岛完成了6个月的专门的热能培训。他们中的大多数都已经接受了在油藏工程( 18 ) , 热流体化学( 11 ) ,地热利用( 10 ) 等方面的专门训练。这反映了在哪些领域，冰岛的专家经验一直被认为对中国的地热发展有特定的价值。
关键词 地热能源,可再生能源,可持续利用,地热管理,监测,注入,培训,中国,冰岛
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